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Ingredient & advertising guide

This page has two jobs. First, it explains every plant printed on the panel of the bottle we sell, what each one is, and what the research does and does not say about it, including who was in each study, at what amount and who paid for it. Second, and this is the part most advertising pages leave out, it lists the headlines we run, tells you which ones are exaggerated, and separates the small number of things that are genuinely supported by evidence from the many that are not.

1. Our headlines, and what is actually true

These are the headlines we have run, grouped by the claim they make. The right-hand column is our own plain assessment. We have marked each family of headlines as Exaggerated, Partly true, Withdrawn, Our headline was wrong or Broadly supported.

The headline as you saw it	What is actually behind it
"Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Spell These 3 Words. Test Now""Top Doctors Say Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Pronounce These 3 Phrases. Can You?""MDs Say Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Pronounce These 3 Phrases. Can You?""Memory Decline Begins When Seniors Say These 3 Phrases (See The List)""Declining Memory Begins When Seniors Say These 7 Phrases. See Which Ones"	Exaggerated There is no set of three words, three phrases or seven phrases whose spelling or pronunciation marks the beginning of anything. Nothing "begins" at a word. Word tasks do appear inside the short memory checks clinicians use, but those checks are given in person and read alongside your history, what you take daily and your age. Failing a word online means nothing on its own: plenty of people stumble over a word when they are tired, nervous or being timed. "Top doctors" and "MDs" refer to no specific person. See section 4.
"Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Drinking These 3 Beverages""Japan's Greatest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Drinking These 3 Beverages""Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Eating These 3 Foods""Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Stop Eating These 3 Foods"	Exaggerated No group of Japanese doctors issued this statement. There is no such panel, no such list, and no source we can point you to. Japan appears in the headline because it is widely associated with long life, which makes the claim feel credible. That is a marketing decision, not a citation. The second half is also wrong. Memory changes with age for everyone, and no diet removes that. What is true is narrower: certain long-term drinking and eating patterns travel with faster slippage on thinking tests in large population studies. [1] [2] Association is not proof of cause, and "just avoid these three" is not how any of it works.
"Nobel Prize's Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Stop Eating These 3 Foods"	Withdrawn We retract this one outright. No Nobel laureate has endorsed this page, this product, or any list of three foods on our behalf. Attaching the Nobel Prize to an advertisement implies an authority that does not exist and we should not have run it.
"The Overlooked Boxed Cereal Now Tied to 8 Out of 10 Memory Cases"	Our headline was wrong There is no such statistic. No study ties any cereal to eight out of ten cases of anything, "memory cases" is not a category any researcher uses, and no cereal has been "overlooked" by anyone: the sugar figure is printed on the side of every box. The number was invented for the headline and we withdraw it. The grain of truth is the same as for the other cereal headlines below: a diet heavy in ultra-processed food, the sweet cereal shelf included, travels in a large Brazilian study with somewhat faster slippage on thinking tests over eight years. [2] That is a modest association across thousands of people, not eight in ten of anyone. See section 3.
"Brain Experts Now Say These 3 Cereals Age the Brain Faster Than Time""Scientists Now Say This 1 Cereal Ages the Brain Faster Than Time"	Exaggerated No food ages the brain "faster than time." That phrase was written for effect and it is not a finding from any study. It is also internally inconsistent: in one version it is three cereals, in another it is one, because the number is something we test for click-through, not something anyone measured. The grain of truth: diets high in ultra-processed food are associated with somewhat faster slippage on thinking tests over years. [2] That is a modest effect across a population, not a fate sealed by a bowl of cereal. See section 3.
"Doctors Now Say This Popular Evening Drink Is Behind Memory Loss""Doctors Now Say This Popular Evening Drink Is Behind Brain Health Decline"	Partly true The "evening drink" is alcohol, and of everything our ads point at, this is where the evidence is strongest. In British civil servants followed for thirty years, higher drinking went with shrinkage of the hippocampus, the region most involved in forming memories, and with faster decline in word fluency; light drinkers had no edge over non-drinkers. [1] What is overstated is the word "behind." Alcohol is one contributing factor among many, not the cause of memory slips. Cutting back is a genuinely good idea. It is also worth saying plainly: the bottle we sell contains no alcohol; its ingredient list is five plant extracts carried in organic vegetable glycerin and purified water, with no caffeine on it.
"Doctors Name 5 Popular Drinks Now Tied To Memory Decline. Coffee Tops The List""Seniors: These 4 Drinks May Be Aging Your Brain Faster""The 4 Drinks Brain Doctors Want Seniors to Quit""Neurologists Say Cognitive Decline Isn't Age: Just Stop Drinking These 2 Popular Drinks""Doctors: 3 Popular Drinks Now Tied to Memory Loss in Seniors"	Exaggerated Notice that the count changes: two drinks, three, four, five. It changes because it is an advertising variable we rotate, not a number that came out of a study. No neurologist is named in any version, because none was consulted. "Coffee tops the list" is the clearest thing we have got wrong: none of the studies on this page is about plain coffee. If you drink coffee and enjoy it, this headline gave you a reason to worry that the evidence does not support. The Food and Drug Administration cites 400 milligrams of caffeine a day, two to three 12-ounce cups of brewed coffee, as an amount not generally associated with negative effects in most healthy adults. [3] See section 2.
"Brain Doctors: Quit These 4 Drinks Before It's Too Late"	Exaggerated No brain doctor was consulted for this headline, and there is no "too late." The deadline was invented to make you click. The four drinks are the ones in section 2: alcohol, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, energy drinks and sweetened coffee-shop drinks. Cutting back on them is sensible for your nights, your weight and your wallet, and heavy drinking travels with poorer memory outcomes over years. [1] There is no evidence that quitting them on any particular day changes anything about your memory, and there is no age after which the change stops being worth making. See section 2.
"Memory Slipping? Check These 4 Everyday Drinks First"	Partly true Half right, in the wrong order. If your memory is slipping, the first thing to check is not a drink; it is a conversation with your own clinician about your nights, your hearing and what you take daily, none of which is settled by changing what you pour. The four drinks are the everyday ones in section 2: alcohol, sugary soft drinks, energy drinks and sweetened coffee drinks. Reviewing them is a reasonable second step. Not enough plain water belongs on the list too. See section 2.
"America's Top Experts Say Mental Decline Isn't Aging: Just Avoid These 5 Kitchen Drinks"	Exaggerated The same construction as the "Japan's doctors" headline above, with the country changed. No panel of American experts issued this statement, and we cannot point you to one. Memory changes with age, and no drink removes that. The five kitchen drinks are alcohol, sugar-sweetened sodas, diet sodas, energy drinks and sweetened coffee-shop drinks, all in section 2, where the honest version of each is written out. "Just avoid" overstates what any of that evidence shows. See section 2.
"Still Sharp at 90? Seniors Are Rethinking These 3 Everyday Foods"	Partly true The gentlest of our headlines, and still an overstatement. Nobody knows what keeps a particular person sharp at 90, and no single food does it. The three everyday foods are sugary breakfast cereals, processed meats and packaged baked goods, all in section 3. Eating less of them is part of the long, slow habits in section 5, and no food is a promise at any age. See sections 3 and 5.
"Five Old-World Herbs in One Ounce of Glycerin, and What Each One Weighs"	Partly true The five plants are oat seed, gotu kola, rosemary, licorice root and lion's mane, and they are genuinely old-world plants in an organic glycerin extract. The second half of the headline is the problem: the label does not print what each one weighs. It prints 1,755 milligrams for all five together and lists them in descending order, which is all the law requires. Nobody outside the company can tell you the split. See section 6.
"The Refund on This One-Ounce Bottle Is Measured by What Is Left Inside."	Broadly supported This headline states a fact you can check on the seller's own return page, and it checks out. The seller gives 90 days from the date of purchase and accepts opened and used product, but for an opened bottle it offers "a partial to full refund based on the amount of product remaining." After 90 days it gives account credit instead. The headline says what the terms say and nothing more. It does not claim the bottle works, and it does not claim the refund is exactly proportional: the return page does not print how the amount remaining is measured, who pays to ship the bottle back, or whether the account credit expires. Ask the seller before you order. See section 7.
"Five Plants on One Label, Read Like Five Tools on a Shed Wall"	Broadly supported This is the headline of the article on this site, and it describes what the article does: it takes the five plants printed on the label one at a time and sets each beside the study that tested it, at that study's own size. It does not claim the bottle works. The article says plainly that the studies tested single plants, that the label prints one weight for all five, that two of the results are flat and one larger rosemary dose did worse, and that nobody has tested these five plants together. See section 6.
"Neurologists Name 5 Popular Prescriptions Now Tied to Memory Decline"	Partly true, and the one not to act on alone No neurologist named a list for us, and we will not print one. What is true is that pharmacists keep lists of everyday products, some sold over the counter, that are often a poor fit after 65, and that a yearly look at everything you take is worth having. But an advertisement is the worst possible reason to change anything a clinician gave you: never stop or change it because of something you read in an ad, including ours. Put everything you take in one bag, this bottle included, and ask your pharmacist. See the box at the end of section 2.

2. Every drink our ads point at

Our headlines have referred, in different versions, to "3 beverages", "4 drinks", "5 popular drinks", "2 popular drinks" and "this popular evening drink" without ever naming them. Here is the complete list of what we were pointing at, and what the research actually supports for each one. Where a study is cited, it is observational unless stated otherwise: it can show that two things travel together in a population, not that one causes the other.

3. Every food our ads point at

The food headlines referred to "3 foods" and to "cereals": one cereal in some versions, three in others. Again, the number was ours, not a finding. Here is what was meant, and what stands behind it.

4. The "3 words" and "7 phrases" tests

Several of our headlines invite you to test yourself on words or phrases: spell these three words, pronounce these three phrases, see whether you say these seven phrases. There is no such validated test, and we cannot give you a real one, because a real one does not work that way.

What an actual memory check looks like. Clinicians use short structured checks. They do include word tasks: recalling three unrelated words after a delay, naming animals, repeating a sentence. But three things make them different from an online quiz:

• They are given in person, in a standard way, by someone trained to do it.
• The score is read against your age and education, not against a fixed pass mark.
• A low score is a reason for a longer conversation with your clinician, never a verdict by itself.

These checks also produce false alarms. A bad night, trouble hearing, and simply being nervous all lower scores in people whose memory is fine. This is precisely why an online word quiz is meaningless: it has none of the context that makes the real check useful.

5. Everyday habits worth more than any bottle

If we only had one section to be useful in, this would be it. None of these is a supplement, a bottle, or a list of three foods, and none of them can be sold to you by us.

• Sleep enough, at regular hours, and keep caffeine to the morning.
• Get your hearing and your eyesight checked, and use hearing aids or glasses if you need them: straining to hear or see looks a great deal like not remembering.
• Walk, most days. Regular walking counts.
• Drink less alcohol. ^[1]
• Eat more like the MIND pattern and less from the ultra-processed shelf. ^{[5] [2]}
• Stay in touch with people. Conversation is exercise for memory.
• Keep learning something: a language, an instrument, a route you have never driven.
• Once a year, take everything you take to the pharmacist.
• Ask your clinician for a B12 level if nobody has checked it in a few years; the stomach absorbs less of it with age. ^[6]

These are unglamorous. They cannot be delivered in a headline, they take years, and they are, by a wide margin, the most useful things on this entire page.

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6. Ingredient guide: what is actually in the bottle we sell

What each plant printed on the panel of Plant Therapy Brain Power is, what it is traditionally used for, and what the cited research says, including who was in each study, at what amount and who paid for it. One serving is 1.5 milliliters, about twenty servings to the bottle, and the directions allow one to three servings a day. Three notes on the panel itself. The five plants share a single figure, 1,755 milligrams, and the split between them is not printed anywhere. The panel gives no standardization percentage for any of the five, so the strength of the extract is the maker's to declare. And it gives no extraction ratio either, so 1,755 milligrams is a weight of finished extract, not a weight of dried plant.

Oat seed (Avena sativa), harvested at the green or "milky" stage

Oats are a cereal grass grown across the temperate world for their edible grain. The herbal ingredient is different from breakfast oats: it is the fresh, unripe seed head of the same plant, picked while still green and milky, and extracted rather than eaten as food.

Traditional and everyday use. Green oat preparations have been used in traditional European herbalism for generations as a daily tonic; the grain itself has been a staple food for millennia.

What the research says. In a 29-day placebo-controlled trial of 132 healthy adults aged 35 to 65, a green oat extract was associated with better performance on a working-memory task and a multitasking test compared with placebo.^[7] The picture is mixed: a 12-week trial in 37 healthy adults around age 67 found no change in any measure of cognition.^[8] The trials used concentrated extracts in capsules, not a liquid extract.

Amount per serving in Brain Power Organic Herbal Supplement. part of the 1,755 mg blend ("milky oat seed" in the seller's description)

Good to know. No specific safety warnings were found in the NIH or MSKCC herb references for oat herb. As with any daily supplement, talk to your doctor first if you have a health condition or take anything daily.

Gotu kola (Centella asiatica), aerial parts

A small, creeping perennial with fan-shaped leaves, native to wetlands from the tropical Old World to eastern Australia. It is eaten as a vegetable and in salads across South and Southeast Asia.

Traditional and everyday use. Used for centuries in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese practice, and eaten fresh as a salad green.

What the research says. In a small 2-month placebo-controlled trial of 28 healthy older adults, the highest dose (750 mg/day) of a gotu kola extract was associated with improved working-memory performance and higher self-rated alertness.^[9] A 2017 review that pooled the randomized trials found no significant effect on cognitive test scores overall, though it did find higher self-rated alertness.^[10]

Amount per serving in Brain Power Organic Herbal Supplement. part of the 1,755 mg blend

Good to know. Skin rash has been reported. Rare reports of harm to the organ that processes what you swallow have been linked to gotu kola products: stop and talk to your doctor if you notice unusual tiredness, dark urine, or yellowing of the skin or eyes. Laboratory studies suggest it may interact with some products processed by that same organ; talk to your doctor before use if you take anything daily.

Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus, formerly Rosmarinus officinalis), leaf

A small evergreen shrub of the mint family, native to the dry, rocky Mediterranean coast, whose needle-like leaves are one of the world's most familiar cooking herbs. The FDA lists rosemary among spices generally recognized as safe for their intended use in food.

Traditional and everyday use. In ancient Greece and Rome rosemary was associated with memory, and in folklore it has long been an emblem of remembrance. In the kitchen it flavors roasts, breads and oils.

What the research says. In a small crossover trial of 28 adults with an average age of 75, a single 750 mg dose of dried rosemary leaf, close to a culinary amount, was associated with faster speed of memory compared with placebo, while a much larger dose (6,000 mg) had the opposite effect.^[11] More was not better.

Amount per serving in Brain Power Organic Herbal Supplement. part of the 1,755 mg blend

Good to know. Culinary amounts are widely used. In the trial above, a very large single dose (6,000 mg) slowed memory measures, so more is not better. Talk to your doctor before use if you have a health condition or take anything daily.

Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

A perennial herb cultivated across Europe, Asia and the Middle East. The dried root and rhizome are naturally sweet and are used to flavor candy, foods and herbal blends.

Traditional and everyday use. One of the oldest recorded herbs, used in ancient Assyrian, Egyptian, Greek, Chinese and Indian traditions. In traditional Chinese formulas it is added to round out and harmonize the other ingredients; in Ayurveda it is used as a tonic. In this blend it contributes the naturally sweet taste.

Amount per serving in Brain Power Organic Herbal Supplement. part of the 1,755 mg blend

Good to know. Licorice root contains glycyrrhizin. In large amounts or with long-term use it can lower potassium levels, and it can interact with some daily products. The NIH advises particular care for people who eat a lot of salt or who take anything on a daily basis. Take it as directed on the label, do not exceed the recommended use, and talk to your doctor before use if you are pregnant or take anything daily.

Lion's mane (Hericium erinaceus), fruiting body

An edible mushroom with long, white, downward-hanging spines that grows on older beech and oak trees in temperate forests across the Northern Hemisphere. It is eaten as food, especially in East Asia and the United States, with a texture often compared to crab or lobster.

Traditional and everyday use. Known as yamabushitake in Japan and houtougu in China, it has a long history of use as a food and in East Asian and Native American traditions.

What the research says. In a 12-week placebo-controlled trial of 31 healthy adults over 50, a daily lion's mane fruiting-body preparation (3.2 g/day) was associated with higher scores on a standard mental-status test compared with placebo.^[12] A visual-retention test in the same trial did not change, and the dose was far larger than most blends and extracts deliver. In a separate pilot trial in 41 healthy adults aged 18 to 45, a single 1.8 g dose was associated with faster performance on the Stroop task an hour later, while 28 days of it produced only a non-significant trend on self-rated stress.^[13]

Amount per serving in Brain Power Organic Herbal Supplement. part of the 1,755 mg blend

Good to know. Generally regarded as safe as a food. Stomach discomfort, nausea and skin rash were reported by a few participants in one clinical study. Avoid if you are allergic to mushrooms.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This information does not constitute medical advice and it should not be relied upon as such. This product is not a substitute for medication or other treatment prescribed by a physician or health care provider. Consult your doctor before starting any dietary supplement.

7. What we can and cannot promise

Set against the headlines that brought you here, this is the complete and honest position.

Things we cannot promise, and that nobody selling you a supplement can:

• That this bottle will improve your memory, your attention or your concentration.
• That it will stop memory from changing with age.
• That it offsets alcohol, sugar, processed food, or any drink or food named on this page.
• That it can replace anything a clinician gave you, or make a yearly look at everything you take unnecessary.
• That any doctor in Japan, any Nobel laureate, any neurologist or any "brain expert" recommends it. None has.
• That a word or phrase quiz can tell you anything about your brain.
• That any plant in this bottle reaches the amount used in its own research, because the label does not print the split. The oat-seed trials used 430 to 1,290 milligrams and 1,500 milligrams of a concentrated capsule extract; ^{[7] [8]} the gotu kola result came at 750 milligrams a day; ^[9] the rosemary result came from a single 750-milligram dose of dried leaf; ^[11] and the lion's mane trials used 3.2 grams and 1.8 grams. ^{[12] [13]} The whole blend weighs 1,755 milligrams, shared five ways.
• That the oat seed does for a man in his sixties what it did in the trial that came out well. One 29-day trial in 132 adults aged 35 to 65 favored a green oat extract; ^[7] a 12-week trial in 37 adults around the age of 67 found no change in anything measured. ^[8]
• That the gotu kola shows up on a test. People taking it rated themselves more alert, and when the randomized trials were pooled there was no significant effect on cognitive test scores. ^[10]
• That the licorice root does anything here beyond taste and formulation. We could not find a trial of licorice root on memory, attention or concentration in healthy adults to cite, and we will not borrow one from a study about something else.
• That more of any of these plants would be better. In the rosemary trial, a single 750-milligram dose of dried leaf was associated with faster memory speed while 6,000 milligrams had the opposite effect. ^[11]

Things we can say honestly:

• It is a one fluid ounce bottle of certified organic liquid herbal extract made and sold by Plant Therapy, Inc., a company that publishes a street address in Twin Falls, Idaho and answers a telephone six days a week. Every plant printed on the panel is listed above.
• One serving is 1.5 milliliters, the bottle holds about twenty, and the label allows one to three servings a day. At one serving a day a bottle is twenty days; at three it is under a week.
• The other ingredients are organic vegetable glycerin and purified water. There is no alcohol, and nothing else on the ingredient list; the sweetness is the glycerin, which is a carbohydrate.
• The directions begin with "Shake well before use", because five plant extracts suspended in glycerin settle while the bottle stands. The label also says to keep it away from children, to ask a clinician first if you have a health condition or take anything daily, and not to use the bottle if the tamper-evident seal is broken.
• The bottle is certified organic by ECOCERT, an independent certifier, and states that it is manufactured in the USA. Organic is an audited claim about how the plants were grown; it is not a claim about strength.
• The seller's published terms give 90 days from the date of purchase to return the bottle. They cover opened and used product, with "a partial to full refund based on the amount of product remaining", so the refund on an opened bottle depends on how much is left. After 90 days the terms switch to account credit. A return starts with a form on the seller's site and the seller asks for up to 48 business hours to process it; questions go to 800-917-6577, Monday to Saturday, 8 to 6 Mountain time, or to cs@planttherapy.com.
• Shipping is not included on a single order; the seller waives it only on recurring subscription orders, and nothing on this site asks you to start one.
• We print no price, because the seller sets it and it changes. Look at it, and at the shipping line for your address, before you click.
• The seller's page carries a public review system with 31 reviews of this bottle, averaging 4.7 stars: 24 at five, six at four and one at two. We read all 31 and quote six word for word, including the two-star review and three whose writers said it was too soon to tell. Reviews are opinions of real buyers, not evidence that the plants work.
• We earn a commission if you buy. That is our interest in this, stated plainly.
• Nothing here is medical advice, and none of it replaces your own clinician.

8. Questions people ask us

Did a Japanese doctor, a Nobel laureate or a neurologist really say this?

No. Those attributions are advertising language. No named or identifiable expert made those statements, and none has endorsed this product.

So is coffee bad for my memory or not?

None of the studies on this page is about plain coffee, and our "Coffee Tops The List" headline overstated it. What is worth watching is added sugar in coffee drinks, and caffeine late enough in the day to cost you a night. The Food and Drug Administration cites 400 milligrams of caffeine a day as an amount not generally associated with negative effects in most healthy adults. ^[3] This bottle carries no caffeine.

Should I stop something because of your "5 prescriptions" headline?

No. Not on your own, and not because of an advertisement. Take everything you take to your pharmacist and ask whether anything is a poor fit for your age.

Which plant on the panel has the best support?

Oat seed, and it is mixed rather than good. A 29-day trial in 132 adults aged 35 to 65 found better working memory and multitasking with a green oat extract, ^[7] and a 12-week trial in 37 adults around the age of 67, closer to the readers of this page, found no change in anything measured. ^[8] Both used a concentrated capsule extract at a stated weight, which this bottle does not print.

Why does the label not say how much oat seed or lion's mane there is?

Because the maker has not printed it. The panel gives 1,755 milligrams for the five plants together and lists them in descending order of weight, which is what the law requires and no more. It is called a proprietary blend and it is entirely legal.

Is anything in this bottle a problem with something I take?

Possibly the licorice root. Licorice contains glycyrrhizin, which in large amounts or over long stretches can upset the body's balance of salt and potassium, and the National Institutes of Health's center for complementary health advises particular care for people who eat a lot of salt or who take anything daily. Take the bottle to your pharmacist before the first serving.

How long does a bottle last?

About twenty servings. That is twenty days at one serving a day, ten at two and under a week at three, and the label allows all three, so decide which one you are doing before you start.

What if it arrives and I do not like it?

The seller gives you 90 days from the date of purchase, and its terms cover opened and used product with a partial to full refund based on how much is left in the bottle. A return starts with a form on the seller's site; for questions, call 800-917-6577, Monday to Saturday, or write to cs@planttherapy.com.

Are there reviews?

Yes. The seller's page carries 31, all from its own review system, and we read every one. We quote six, including one at two stars, and we left out any that described ingredients the bottle does not contain, mentioned a health condition, or came from buyers the system did not confirm.

If your own headlines are exaggerated, why should I believe this page?

A fair question. Do not take our word for it. The references below are real, published sources you can look up yourself, and nothing in sections 4 and 5 requires you to buy anything or trust us. If this page and our headlines disagree, believe this page.

Does this page cost anything?

No. There is nothing to sign up for, and you are welcome to read it, close the tab and never come back.

Can I check these claims myself?

Yes, and you should. Every numbered reference below can be found by searching its authors and journal. For general information, the National Institute on Aging (nia.nih.gov) publishes plain-language material and sells nothing.

References

These are the sources behind the claims marked with a number above. Several are observational studies, which can show association but not cause. The two oat-seed trials point in opposite directions and both are printed here; the gotu kola result comes from seven people per group and the pooled analysis of the same plant found nothing; the rosemary result came from a single dose and reversed at a higher one; the lion's mane trials used amounts larger than this whole blend; the fact sheets are the governments' own. None of them tested this bottle. We have deliberately not cited anything for the claims we describe as exaggerated, because there is nothing to cite.

1. Topiwala A. et al. (2017). BMJ 357:j2353 doi.org
2. Gonçalves N.G. et al. (2023). JAMA Neurology 80(2):142-150 doi.org
3. US FDA Consumer Update. "Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine Is Too Much?" (updated 2024-08-28) fda.gov
4. Poly C. et al. (2011). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94(6):1584-1591 doi.org
5. Barnes L.L. et al. (2023). New England Journal of Medicine 389(7):602-611 doi.org
6. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. "Vitamin B12: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals" (updated July 2, 2025) ods.od.nih.gov
7. Kennedy D.O. et al. (2020). Nutrients 12(6):1598 doi.org
8. Wong R.H. et al. (2012). Nutrients 4(5):331-342 doi.org
9. Wattanathorn J. et al. (2008). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(2):325-332 doi.org
10. Puttarak P. et al. (2017). Scientific Reports 7:10646 doi.org
11. Pengelly A. et al. (2012). Journal of Medicinal Food 15(1):10-17 doi.org
12. Saitsu Y. et al. (2019). Biomedical Research 40(4):125-131 doi.org
13. Docherty S. et al. (2023). Nutrients 15(22):4842 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Citing a study does not mean the study is about this product. The studies above tested one plant at a time, in other people, at amounts a five-way blend of 1,755 milligrams cannot be shown to reach, not the bottle itself; none of the research tested Plant Therapy Brain Power, and none of it supports it.

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